School and Child Care Sampling Waivers: What Qualifies and Who Approves It

We've covered the baseline inventory itself at length in past webinars, and for good reason: it's the first thing due under the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI) regulation. But schools and child care facilities are their own piece of this puzzle, with their own deadline, their own definitions, and their own set of resources. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been building this guidance out in stages, starting with a technical fact sheet back in October 2024 and following up with four new resources this past June. 

Here's where we're headed in this one:

• First, a quick reminder of why the EPA is involved in schools and child care facilities at all, because that answer actually shapes a lot of what comes next. 
• Second, we'll walk through the two-step process for building your list. 
• Third, we'll get into a distinction that trips up a lot of systems: the difference between the lead ban date you already know from your inventory and a separate 2014 standard that applies here. 
• And finally, we'll cover where to actually find your facilities and how this list gets maintained over time.

This is the first of two blogs on this topic. The second blog will cover waivers, which is a related but separate conversation worth having on its own.

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Why the EPA is involved in schools and child care at all

It's worth clearing this up first, because it explains a lot of the structure that follows. The EPA doesn't actually have the authority to regulate schools and child care facilities directly. Its authority under the Safe Drinking Water Act only extends to public water systems. So the requirements here apply to your community water system, not to the school or child care facility itself. What you're required to do is provide public education and, in many cases, sampling, to the schools and child care facilities you serve.

That distinction matters because it explains why the list requirement exists at all. Before you can educate or sample anyone, you have to know who you serve. That's the whole purpose of this list.

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The two-step process

The newest EPA guide on this, released in June 2026, breaks list-building into two steps.

Step one is identifying every school and licensed child care facility your system serves. The EPA's federal definitions are pretty specific here. A child care facility is any location licensed by a state, local, or Tribal agency to provide child care, day care, or early learning services, including Head Start facilities. An elementary school is any school classified as elementary by state and local practice, covering any span of grades up through grade 8. A secondary school picks up from there through grade 12.

You're required to include public and private elementary schools, public and private secondary schools, schools that span both elementary and secondary grades, and licensed child care facilities. You're not required to include post-secondary schools, facilities that are regulated as their own public water system, facilities served solely by private wells, or unlicensed child care facilities.

Step two is figuring out which of those facilities actually need to be sampled versus which ones qualify for an exemption. A facility can be excluded from the sampling list if it meets two conditions at the same time: it was constructed, or had a full plumbing replacement, on or after the state's lead-free standard date, and it is not served by a service line that is lead, Galvanized Requiring Replacement, or unknown material. Both conditions have to be true. If either one isn't, the facility goes on the list.

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The distinction that trips people up: lead ban date vs. lead-free standard

This is worth slowing down on, because it's genuinely confusing the first time through, and it's easy to assume it works the same way your inventory does. It doesn't, not exactly.

For the inventory, you've been working with the lead ban date. That's the date, generally somewhere in the mid-to-late 1980s and varying by state, when the federal lead ban took effect. After that date, systems could no longer install lead pipes or use leaded solder, and brass fittings and fixtures were capped at 8% lead. That's the important part.

For the schools and child care list, the relevant date is different: January 1, 2014, the effective date of the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act, unless your state adopted its own earlier lead-free standard. A handful of states did: California and Vermont adopted 1/1/2010, Maryland adopted 1/1/2012, and Louisiana adopted 1/1/2013. Everywhere else, it's January 1, 2014.

Think of it this way. The 1980s lead ban dealt with two of the three sources of lead: the pipe itself and the solder used to join it. What it didn't fully deal with was the brass in fittings and fixtures, which could still legally contain up to 8% lead for another few decades. The 2014 standard is what brought that number down to essentially lead-free, 0.25%. So a building constructed in, say, 1995 could have a fully non-lead service line under the old lead ban standard, and still belong on your schools and child care list, because its fixtures predate the 2014 fixture standard.

That's really the whole reason this list uses a different date than your inventory does. Same underlying concern, lead exposure, but a different regulatory milestone governing it.

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Finding your facilities

Once you know what you're looking for, the next question is where to find it. The EPA's companion resource, also released in June 2026, provides a state-by-state directory covering three types of resources for every state and territory: Department of Education public school directories, child care facility licensing agency directories, and Voluntary School and Child Care Lead Testing and Reduction grant agency websites, more commonly known as WIIN grant programs.

A few things worth knowing about using it. Most of these directories are searchable by zip code, but coverage for private schools varies significantly by state, so don't assume a directory that's thorough for public schools will be equally thorough for private ones. For Tribal schools and child care facilities, there isn't a comprehensive national directory. The recommendation here is to contact Tribal governments directly, since the Bureau of Indian Education directory and Head Start center locator only capture a partial picture. And if your state doesn't have its own WIIN grant program, inquiries route directly to your EPA region.

One honest note: it's entirely possible your list won't be complete on the first attempt, especially if the state's own database is missing full addresses or only lists a name and zip code. That's a real limitation, not a sign you did something wrong. The EPA built an annual review process specifically because it expects lists to evolve.

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Submitting and maintaining the list

The initial list is due to your state, Tribal, or territorial government by November 1, 2027, alongside your inventory obligations. That date matters enough that it's worth repeating: November 1, 2027 is when this list, along with the rest of your baseline LCRI compliance package, is due.

This is not a submit-it-once-and-forget-it requirement. Starting January 30, 2029, and every year after, systems must certify in an annual report that they made a good faith effort to identify any newly eligible facilities from the previous year. And within five years of the compliance date, by November 1, 2032, and at least once every five years after that, systems must either submit a revised list or certify in writing that nothing has changed.

One point that's easy to miss: this list has to be submitted even if you expect, or eventually receive, a full waiver from the sampling requirement itself. The list and the waiver are two different things. We'll get into how waivers actually work in the next blog.

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The bottom line

Building this list is genuinely a two-step process: figure out who you serve, then figure out who's exempt. The lead-free standard date is the piece most likely to catch you off guard if you're used to thinking in terms of the older lead ban date. And the list itself isn't a one-time exercise. Between now and November 1, 2027, the practical next step is straightforward: start pulling together your directory of served schools and child care facilities using your state's resources, understand which ones you can reasonably exclude, and build in the expectation that you'll be revisiting this list on a regular basis going forward.

Read the Next Blog in the Series.

Register for the LCRI School and Childcare Requirements Webinar.

The Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI) baseline service line inventory deadline is November 1, 2027. For a lot of utilities, the number that matters most right now is how many "unknown" service lines are still sitting on that list.

A recent webinar on verifying those unknowns, presented in partnership with the National Rural Water Association (NRWA), brought in 120Water's Josh Hawley, Director of Water Utility Services, and Maddie Brogan, Director of Client Experience, to walk through the playbook operators are using to close that gap, drawing on real field experience.

Here are some of the highlights, including a case study from Ocean Isle Beach, North Carolina, that showed just how fast that gap can close when the plan is right.

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Know Where You Actually Stand

Before any digging happens, the first move is an honest gut check. Pull up whatever you submitted back in 2024 and compare it to what you know today.

Have you logged materials during meter swaps, main breaks, or service line repairs since then? If the answer is "not really," you're not alone.

Most utility teams admit their historical records, as-built maps included, aren't much to work with. Tap cards without any real information on them are common, too.

None of that is anyone's fault. Nobody was keeping these records with this rule in mind, because this rule didn't exist yet.

This just means record keeping starts now, for good. This inventory push is only the first of several LCRI initiatives that will lean on the same data. Whatever you document today pays off again down the road.

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Work the Low-Hanging Fruit First

Once you know where you stand, the goal is minimizing how often a shovel actually hits the ground, since that's by far the most expensive way to identify a service line. The playbook starts with the cheapest options and works up from there.

Age reviews and records reviews cost nothing and clear out a chunk of unknowns immediately. Anything built after the lead ban went into effect is done. From there, statistical analysis is the biggest lever for utilities that have already inspected some lines and have reasonable confidence they're a non-lead system.

If field inspections so far show no lead and no galvanized requiring replacement (GRR), a state-approved plan lets you inspect a representative 20% sample of remaining unknowns, spread across build decades and neighborhoods rather than one street. If that pool comes back clean, the other 80% can be classified as non-lead, with a smaller validation sample required down the line to confirm the method held up.

However, if you find any lead or GRR in that sample, the math changes. You can finish the sample pool since you're already out inspecting anyway, but you can no longer classify the rest as non-lead based on an assumption that's now been proven wrong.

That's where predictive modeling takes over. The tool assigns a probability to each remaining line, drawing correlations from everything already in your inventory. It's front-loaded work, with a heavy first-round verification list, but accuracy climbs fast once the model is calibrated. Utilities typically want to see accuracy in the 95% range before relying on it.

Both predictive modeling and statistical analysis vary by state, so check what your regulator accepts before committing to either one.

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Decide Who's Doing the Digging

Contractor or in-house isn't just a budget question.

Plumbers are great at plumbing, but that doesn't automatically mean they're equipped to identify buried materials in a way that holds up to state and EPA scrutiny.

Look for a track record with this specific kind of work, and get clear upfront on what support your team needs to provide, from knowing where meter boxes sit to supplying tools. Payment terms matter too: some contractors charge by location, others by the dig, and a statement of work that spells out who handles what gets rid of a lot of confusion later.

If you're keeping the work in-house, the same questions apply: who's trained, who owns resident communication, and who's responsible for restoration once a hole needs to be filled back in.

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Get the Field Basics Right

In the field, small habits determine whether a photo actually holds up as documentation.

Daylight enough of the pipe to see it clearly, remove debris, and use the flash on your camera even in daylight. Label which side is the system side and which is the customer-owned side. Then, show the scratch or magnet test if one confirmed the material. Document any connectors you run into as well, even though nobody is digging specifically to go find them.

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The Payoff

Ocean Isle Beach had 708 unknown service lines and a three-person team, including the superintendent, which made digging that many holes on their own a non-starter.

Because the system had no history of lead or GRR, statistical analysis was the right fit. Their inspection pool dropped to 142 sites, a contracted crew finished the fieldwork in about three days, and the result was zero unknowns remaining.

Not every system will move that quickly, but it's a real example of how much the right method can shrink the workload.

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Watch the Full Session

Our full walkthrough goes deeper into validation pools, tricky GRR determinations, and the connector questions utilities are asking most. Watch the complete session to get the full field playbook to ensure you're on track for LCRI compliance.

Watch the Webinar Here

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November 1, 2027 isn't as far away as it feels. The utilities getting a head start on their baseline LCRI inventory now are going to have a much easier time than the ones who wait. That was the throughline of our January webinar, and here's a taste of what it covered.

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The state of play

The Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI) is finalized. It's also being challenged in court. Both of those things are true at once. The timeline runs from the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) October 2024 finalization through a petition for judicial review from the American Water Works Association (AWWA), a pause requested by the incoming administration, and up to oral arguments expected this spring.

The short version: the EPA intends to keep the LCRI as written, and the lawsuit continues in the background. The practical takeaway hasn't changed from last year either. Prepare as if the current rule holds. Catching up later is a lot harder than staying ahead now.

There's also a fiscal year 2025 funding data drop from last November tied to the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) worth knowing about, including a shift in the national lead service line estimate and what it means for how funding is allocated across states.

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Connectors: the new addition to your service line inventory

This year's inventory has a new resident: connectors. Think pipe – not fitting, not fixture, not solder. Most states treat connector material as separate from service line classification, and right now there's no hard deadline to identify or replace them.

That doesn't make it a "do nothing" item. A handful of common questions came up from utilities working through this already, and a few states are already showing some openness to flexibility here, which is worth knowing before you build your approach.

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Turning unknown service lines into progress

Statistical analysis and predictive modeling are two very different tools depending on whether lead or galvanized requiring replacement (GRR) has already turned up in a system, and real case studies from utilities in North Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, California, Texas, Indiana, and Wyoming showed what each approach looks like in practice.

Some systems went from thousands of unknowns to a fully non-lead classification with a few hundred targeted inspections. Others are mid-process, pivoting strategies as state guidance evolves in real time. One theme showed up again and again: the utilities getting ahead of this aren't necessarily the biggest ones or the ones with the cleanest records. They're the ones who started building their case early.

A strategy some utilities are exploring to reclassify certain galvanized service lines came up too, along with a preview of what non-lead validation looks like down the road in 2034.

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Watch the Full Session

There's a lot packed into this LCRI Inventory webinar:

• Timelines
• Funding shifts
• Connector definitions
• Verification math
• Real utility numbers
• Q&A covering everything from Consumer Confidence Reports (CCR) to sampling tiers.

If any of this sounds like what your team is working through right now, the full recording walks through every example in detail, numbers included.

Want the full session? Watch the webinar replay here.